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神舟4号和NEAT、工藤-藤川彗星观测

二零零三年一月三日。一夜的大风将天空吹得干干净净,同时也带走了最后一丝暖气。是夜,北京城内的最低气温为零下15度,是入冬以来最冷的日子。

三日晚上,同好会寇文、齐锐、高飞、于杰鸿、朱进、高松青、曹军等先后分乘两辆汽车前往怀柔箭扣,同行的还有清华大学的在读博士邱虹云。出了怀柔县城进山后,看到公路上虽有积雪,但上面已经铺垫沙土,因此行车非常顺利。

9点多我们抵达了目的地。下车后顿觉寒气袭人,但头上繁星点点,令人倦意全消。又过了一个小时,朱进的车也到了。稍事休息后,在老乡屋中装调好赤道仪。齐锐则先在院子里架好了望远镜,抓紧最后的时间观测了NEAT彗星。然后大家将赤道仪搬到南边小山包的东坡下,以便观测工藤-藤川彗星。朱进则把他的像增强器和摄像机安放在了下边的山坳里,他此行的主要目标是象限仪流星群(4日晨)和神舟4号(4日晚)。

清华大学的小邱则是要测试他自己研制的CCD系统。虽然目前这还是一个原理性的装置,但在这两个晚上的观测中,CCD的强大威力已经显现无疑。在本次观测中,分别使用中焦变焦镜头和135定焦镜头拍摄了彗星和M42、M31等深空天体,在2分钟的曝光时间内可以拍到11等星,令人鼓舞。将来若能真正形成产品,必然为中国业余天文观测水平的提高创造良好的机会。


(邱虹云和他的CCD系统)


(邱虹云和齐锐在辨认拍摄的天区)


4日凌晨,工藤-藤川彗星从地平线上升起,从120望远镜中看去比较明亮,亦可分辨出彗尾。

冰天雪地给观测活动带来了许多未曾估计到的困难。在野外的气温要低于零下15度,在操作赤道仪时手冻得很疼。用电池供电的赤道仪和数码相机很快就因为电量耗尽而停止工作;用交流电的赤道仪控制器和笔记本电脑也难以正常使用:控制器的液晶显示反差极小甚至消失,笔记本的液晶屏的色彩也出现了失真。这是我们第一次在如此寒冷的天气下进行观测,许多以前没有出现的问题暴露出来了,比如设备的电线电缆过多,安装和拆卸过程比较繁琐,这在平时可能不算什么,但在这一举一动都要耗费额外精力的严冬无疑会带来麻烦。

4日白天风很大,大家主要是休息。但是屋内的火炕似乎也难以抵挡屋外的寒风。


(美丽的窗花)


(冬天里的一盆火)


(最惬意的享受)


(老乡屋里的一本不知何年何月的武侠小说让朱进着迷。)

下午朱进从老乡家里拨号下载了所有卫星的轨道根数,并用笔记本上的SatSpy计算箭扣的卫星预报。晚上17:44,我们正在院子里架设赤道仪,朱进喊着从屋里冲了出来,大家按照他指的方位看去,一个约-1等的亮点正从天顶处经过。原来朱进在计算时发现这个人造天体正好在此时通过当地的最高点。更有戏剧性的是,后来从编号上发现,这就是发射神舟4号的火箭箭体!


接下来就是4日晚上的又一个兴奋点:神舟4号。出现的时间和方位网上早已给出了预报数据。在屋内将COOLPIX995设置为8秒曝光,连续拍摄(最多3张)。18:35分,离预报时间还有5分钟,把相机安装到了赤道仪上,打开开关。等待是焦急的,一方面是由于5日就要回收,因此担心飞船已经变轨而预报不准,另一方面天气太冷,很怕电池用完而无法拍摄。预定时间到了,忽然邱虹云喊道“在海豚座!”,抬头看去,一个3等左右的亮点缓缓地穿过天鹅座向仙后方向飞去,一会儿消失在地影中。在此期间拍摄了三张照片,飞船出现在后两张的视野中。朱进则用像增强器加摄象机拍到了它升起来到进入地影的全过程。

(神舟4号飞行轨迹。由2张曝光8秒连续拍摄的照片拼接而成。使用COOLPIX995,ASA400,8.2mm/F2.6。轨迹中间的中断是拍摄2张照片中间的延时。星点较暗淡,经过PHOTOSHOP LEVEL处理。灰色的暗点是噪声。)

该天区的星图:

彗星观测结果:

2003年1月3日23点15分(北京时间),用口径120mm折射镜、19倍放大率,观测到2002V1(NEAT)彗星,
天气条件很好,彗星高度低于20度。彗发直径小于5分,彗尾不明显,DC=3,亮度8.2等(与8.19等的比较星TYC 610-930-1比,亮度稍暗或相等)。

2003年1月4日5点20分(北京时间),用口径120mm折射镜、放大率60和19倍,观测到2002X5(Kudo-Fujikawa)彗星,天气条件极佳,彗星高度低于15度。彗发直径4分,彗尾8分,DC=6,亮度7.0等(与6.94等的比较星TYC 2110-1170-2比,亮度稍暗或相等)。


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